In Lucknow’s Muharram Processions: Faith Clashes with Fear in Modi’s India

Every year, the city of Lucknow transforms during Muharram into a powerful space of public mourning, deep faith, and cultural expression. In July 2023, as Shia Muslims commemorated the martyrdom of Imam Hussain, the city’s historic sites like Rumi Gate once again echoed with chants of devotion, while traditional rituals like matam and self-flagellation continued as part of centuries-old customs. This year's processions unfolded under heightened security measures, with a significant police presence underscoring both the importance of safety and the sensitivity of public religious gatherings in a diverse, pluralistic society. For many participants, these layers of oversight reflect a complex environment in which faith is freely practiced, yet often carefully monitored.